Evolution Part 3 - Natural Selection

EVOLUTION PART 3 – NATURAL SELECTION

Ms. Carter

MUTATIONS are changes in our DNA. Sometimes, mutations are harmful and cause death. Other times, mutations give the individual an advantage and allow these individual to survive certain environmental conditions better. Organisms with good mutations survive and have offspring. Some offspring inherit the good mutation, survive, have children and so on.  Mutations that allow organisms to survive and pass on to future generations are part of the evolutionary process.

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.doubleimmunity/

Background essay: Double Immunity

1. Why are some people resistant to the HIV virus today?

Video:  Double Immunity

1. Why doesn’t the virus enter the cells of people with this mutation?
2. What is the evolutionary importance of the mutation that cause pople to durvive the plague 700 years ago?

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

Watch the video and read the essay below it

1. Why are some people resistant to malaria?
2. If sickle cell is lethal, why is it still present in populations? How is it pass on from generations to generations? Explain.

Some organisms survive the hazards of their environment by changing themselves to blend with their surrounding.

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.lp_howevowork/

VIDEO: Evolution of Camouflage

Read the essay and watch the video:

1. Explain how is camouflage related to evolution?

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_nowherehide/

After playing this interactive write a short essay on how camouflage allows for natural selection to take place in a prey/predator relationship.

The Fossil Record- Evolution Part 2

How Evolution Works – Evolution Part 2

Ms. Carter

Evidence for Evolution

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.div.lp_evid/

Video: Becoming a Fossil

Read the Background Essay

1. DESCRIBE how fossil are formed and give examples

Watch the video

1. What happened to Lucy? What’s her story?

Video: Laetoli Footprints

Read the Background Essay

1. Explain how the Laetoli Footprints were formed and preserved

Watch the video

2. Why are the Laetoli Footprint so important for evolutionary biologists and how old are they?

Video: Evolving Ideas – How do we know Evolution happens?

Read the Background Essay

1. Write an essay explaining the fossil evidence that supports that evolutionary idea that “whales have descended from land mammals.”

Watch the video:

1. How do fossils support evolution?

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.lp_howevowork/

1. Explain how evolution works.
2. New species arise through natural selection. LIST and EXPLAIN the four processes of natural selection.
3. How are “competition” and “natural selection” related?

Genetic Engineering

GENETIC ENGINEERING WEBQUEST

Ms. Carter – Gunderson High School

Bioengineered Foods?

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.lp_bioengfood/

INTERACTIVE: Engineering a Crop: Transgenic Manipulation

Read the Background Essay and answer these questions:

1. Cross-breeding is a type of selective breeding. Explain how it works.

2. Scientists use “transgenic manipulation” to produce organisms with desirable characteristics. Think of it as designing the perfect organism. How do they do it?

PLAY the INTERACTIVE and answer these questions:

3. List the materials needed

4. LIST and EXPLAIN the steps of transgenic manipulation.

5. What is a “vector’?

6. What was the purpose of using the herbicide?

VIDEO: Classical Versus Transgenic Breeding

Read the Background Essay information, watch the video and answer these questions:

1. Selective breeding is also called “classical breeding.” Explain “selective breeding.”

2. Explain the similarities and differences between “selective breeding” and “genetic engineering”

3. What does GMO stand for?

4. LIST the benefits of GMOs

5. LIST and explain the four major public concerns regarding GMOs

6. For what kind of characteristics have food crops been selectively bred?

7. What are some examples of harmful effects of selective breeding.

Video: Bt Corn

Read “Background Essay” first, watch the video and answer these questions:

1. What dos Bt stand for?

2. Why/how do scientists use Bt in plants?

3. Using Bt toxin in plants has some “unintended effects.” LIST and EXPLAIN those effects.

4. How will these “unintended effects” affect evolution?

5. What are “refuges”?

6. How is Bt introduced into the genes of corn? Video

1. How is this process called?

7. How is Bt used differently for organic farming than in biotech corn? Video

8. How could the use of Bt in biotech corn impact the use of Bt for organic farming?

Video: Super Salmon

Read the Background Essay, watch the video and answer these questions:

1. What does “transgenic mean”?

2. What has been done to the Atlantic Salmon and why?

3. What seems to be the problem as presented by scientists Muir and Howard in 1999?

4. What are the concerns consumers have regarding transgenic organisms?

5. What allows transgenic salmon to grow in winter? ( questions 5-8 are from the video)

6. What are some possible consequences of transgenic salmon escaping from their pens into the ocean populations?

7. How might transgenic salmon affect the evolution of other salmon populations?

8. Do you thing the FDA should give Aqua Bounty permission to grow and sell transgenic salmon? Why or why not?

GENETIC ENGINEERING: CLONING

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/biot09.sci.life.gen.cloning/

Animal Cloning 101

Read the Background Essay and answer these questions:

1. What is reproductive cloning?

2. Explain the 2 techniques used in reproductive cloning.

3. What are some of the problems in cloning animals?

PLAY the INTERACTIVE and answer these questions:

1. What is a clone? Examples of clones

2. What is cell differentiation?

3. LIST the steps used in “The Creation of Dolly”

4. How is the method used to clone a mouse different from the method used to clone Dolly?

Click and Clone: MIMI Mouse

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

In this Interactive, you’ll be cloning a mouse using the Somatic Nuclear Transfer method.

PLAY the interactive and answer these questions:

1. LIST and EXPLAIN the 6 steps of cloning used here.

2. What color was the baby mouse? Why?

Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Webquest – Ms. Carter
Eukaryotic Cells
California Standard: Cell Biology 1.a, e, f, g
CELL BIOLOGY 1 a. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know cells are enclosed within semi-permeable membranes that regulate their interactions with their surroundings.
e. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins.
f. Students know how usable energy is captured form sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored thorough the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by competing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
PURPOSE:
• To understand the structure and functions of organelles within the cell.
• To differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• To understand the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells.

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

1. Visit this website and draw and label an ANIMAL cell with the following organelles:
a. Nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER), mitochondria, cell membrane.
b. Explain the functions of the organelles in 1 a. (Use writting guidelines)
2. Draw and label a PLANT cell with the following organelles:
a. Nucleus, nucleoulus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, rough ER, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall.
b. Explain the functions of: chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall (Use writting guidelines)
3. Draw a Venn diagram showing the organelles that are common to both animal and plant cells and those that are unique to plant and animal cells.

Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes

Cell Webquest – Ms. Carter
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes

California Standard: Cell Biology 1. c
Cell Biology: The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses (next semester) differ in a complexity and general structure.

PURPOSE:
• To understand the cellular composition of life.
• To understand the two categories of cell types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• To be able to differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• To be able to draw and label the parts of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

There are two categories of cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular and believe to be the first form of life on this planet. These cells are very simple. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells and the most abundant form of life on this planet. Yet, they are microscopic.

1. Click the link below and watch the video.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/prokaryotes-videos-playlist.htm#video-29535

Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular or multicellular. These cells are much more complex and more modern than prokaryotes. If you can see it with the naked eye, it is made up of eukaryotic cells: YOU, plants, all animal forms, and fungi are made up of eukaryotic cells.

1. Watch the video on eukaryotic cells.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28763-assignment-discovery-eukaryotic-cells-video.htm

2. Click on the links below and fill out the Venn diagram. Write down characteristics that only Prokaryotic cells have, characteristics that only Eukaryotic cells have, and characteristics that both types of cells have in common. You can also check your textbook.
3. Draw and label the following parts of a Prokaryotic cell. Be neat.
a. Capsule, cell wall, cytoplasm, cell or plasma membrane, pili, flagella, ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmids
4. Give the definitions of the 9 parts in question 2 a. Follow the example below.
1. Capsule:
Definition
2. Cell wall:
Definition
3. Etc…

http://www.bothbrainsandbeauty.com/academic-discussions/biology-academic-discussions/prokaryotic-cells-vs-eukaryotic-cells-400

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html

http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/prokaryotes.htm

http://www.invive.com/cells.html

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell

Biomolecules webquest

Students,
Here is the second webquest assignment.

BIOMOLECULES Webquest – The Polymers of Life

Ms. Carter

Visit these sites and answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. Leave a space between the answers. Do not write the questions.

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html

1.     Describe the shape and bond types of proteins

2.     What happens to proteins when heated?

CLICK STEP THROUGH AND PLAY “FRYING EGGS”

1.     Write down the components of egg white and egg yolk

2.     Describe the proteins in an uncooked egg. Draw the protein and the bonds

3.     Explain what happens when the egg is cooked

4.     Take the quiz and write the answers you gave

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13104

1.     What are carbohydrates and how are they classified?

2.     What is a monosaccharide? Give examples

3.     Draw the ring structural formula of glucose

4.     Draw the linear structural formula of glucose

5.     What is deoxyribose? Draw the ring formula

6.     What are disaccharides? Give examples

7.     What happens during the dehydration synthesis? Look at the figure

8.     What is a polysaccharide? Give and explain the two examples given

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13204

1. What is a lipid? Examples?
2. What are neutral fats?
3. What are saturated fats? Examples
4. What are fats made up of?
5. What are unsaturated fats? Examples
6. What are phospholipids?
7. Draw and label a phospholipids
8. Define Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
9. Define Cholesterol
10. Draw and label a cell membrane

http://www.mrhartog.com/BIO/ch03/dna_structure.html

1. Summarize the video. Explain the structure of nucleotides, what they are, how they are arranged, what they are composed of, etc…

• Cell or plasma membranes are composed of lipids, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and proteins (plus others). Draw a cell or plasma membrane. Label these biomolecules.

• Draw and label a phospolipid.

Webquest Oct 28th, 2010

Students, here are the pages you need to work on.

ENZYME WEBQUEST

WEBSITE #1: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.html

Choose ENZYMES:  The BASICS

1.     SLIDE ONE:  Enzymes are ________________that serve as __________________.

They _________________up or _______________    ______________reactions, but ALWAYS remain _________________.

2.    SLIDE TWO:  What is an ACTIVE SITE?

3.    SLIDE THREE:  Each ______________acts on a specific_____________.

4.    What is a SUBSTRATE? 

5.    DRAW an ENZYME and SUBSTRATE below.  Make each a DIFFERENT COLOR and label each.

6.    SLIDE FIVE:  YOU JUST DRANK A GLASS OF MILK!  DRAW THE CATALYTIC CYCLE OF LACTOSE BELOW!  LABELING THE SUBSTRATE, SUBSTRATE ENZYME COMPLEX, THE ACTIVE SITE, AND THE PRODUCTS.  MAKING EACH A DIFFERENT COLOR!

7.    Someone who is “LACTOSE INTOLERANT”…is lacking which enzyme?____________________

WEBSITE #2: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/intro.html

Enzyme Catalysis

Key Concepts

8.    _________________ catalyze reactions by lowering the _______________  _________________ necessary for a reaction to occur. The molecule that an enzyme acts on is called the _________________. In an enzyme-mediated reaction, _________________ molecules are changed, and _________________ is formed. The _________________molecule is _________________ after the reaction, and it can continue___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

9.    Each _________________ is _________________for the _________________ it will catalyze. In this laboratory,

Enzyme = catalase,  found in your liver

Substrate = hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

Products = water and oxygen

10.  DRAW THE REACTION THAT TOOK PLACE ON THE LEFT USING YOUR OWN SHAPES, LABELING THE SUBSTRATE, ENZYME, ACTIVE SITE ON THE ENZYME, ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX, AND THE PRODUCTS.

Enzyme Structure

11.   Enzymes are globular, functional _____________________. Their folded conformation creates an area known as the _________________ _______________. The nature and arrangement of __________________  ____________________ in the __________________  __________________ make it specific__________________________________________________________.

12.  DRAW A MODEL OF AN ENZYME, ACTIVE SITE, AND SUBSTRATE BELOW:

Some Factors That Affect Enzyme Action

13.  The conformation of an enzyme is maintained by interactions between the various ___________________ _______________ that compose it, and this conformation is sensitive to ________________________________________. Two important influences are _________________ and ________________. When an enzyme's ________________________ is significantly altered because of ____________ or ___________________ variation, the enzyme may no longer _____________________  ___________________. An enzyme is said to be _____________________ when it loses its functional shape.

pH and Enzyme Function

14.  Each enzyme functions best within a _______________________. For example, the enzyme__________________, which works in your stomach, functions best in a strongly ____________________environment. Lipase, an enzyme found in your _____________________________, works best in a __________________ environment.

15.  When the pH changes, the active site ____________________________ and affects ____________________ ________________. What happens to catalysis when an enzyme is subjected to a pH far from its optimum range?

16.  WATCH THE ANIMATION AND DESCRIBE WHAT YOU SEE BELOW:

Temperature and Enzyme Function

17.  Chemical reactions speed up as ____________________ is increased, so, in general,_________________ will ___________________ at higher temperatures. However, each enzyme has a temperature __________________________, and beyond this point the enzyme's _____________________________ is lost. ___________________ temperatures will ______________________ most enzymes.

WEBSITE#3

:http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.html

GO TO ANIMATION, then to STEP THROUGH

1^st-Add a SUBSTRATE

2^nd-Add an ENZYME

PRESS PLAY

18.  Describe what happened:

WEBSITE #4: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602002.html

Make sure you are in the ANIMATION portion and go to STEP THROUGH…Watch the animation…it is a bit complicated.  Main idea I need you to understand is….

19.  TRUE or FALSE:  an enzyme can change shape and become ACTIVE or INACTIVE.